Viruses are self-replicating programs that attach themselves to executable files, spreading from one host to another. They often damage or corrupt files and can be activated when the infected program is executed.

Worms are standalone, self-replicating malware that don’t need a host program. They spread across networks, exploiting vulnerabilities to infect other systems. Worms can consume network bandwidth and degrade system performance.

Trojans disguise themselves as legitimate software but contain malicious code. Once activated, they can perform various harmful actions, such as stealing sensitive information, creating backdoors, or facilitating other types of malware.

Ransomware encrypts files on the victim’s system, rendering them inaccessible. The attacker demands a ransom for the decryption key. It can spread via email attachments, malicious websites, or vulnerabilities in software.

Spyware is designed to covertly collect information about a user’s activities and transmit it to a third party. It often monitors keystrokes, captures screenshots, and tracks online behavior, compromising user privacy.

Adware displays unwanted advertisements on a user’s device. While not inherently malicious, it can degrade system performance, track user behavior, and lead to unwanted pop-ups and redirects.

Botnets are networks of compromised computers controlled by a central server. They can be used for various malicious purposes, including distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks, spreading malware, and stealing sensitive data.

Rootkits conceal the presence of malware by modifying the operating system. They often provide unauthorized access to a system, allowing attackers to maintain control without detection.